Supply-Side
Free Pricing
Direct Price Controls
Cost-Plus Pricing
Reference Pricing
Average Pricing and International Comparisons
Profit Control
The 'Fourth Hurdle': Cost-Effectiveness Analyses
Positive and Negative Lists
Proxy-Demand Side
Prescription Budgets
Encouraging Generic Competition
Demand-Side
Increased Co-Payments
De-listing Schedules
Conclusion
3. European Competitiveness in the Global Pharmaceutical Industry
G10 Medicines - High Level Group on Innovation and Provision of Medicines
Competitiveness and Innovation
Access to Medicines
Conclusion
4. A Single Market for Pharmaceuticals
Differential Pricing
Conclusion
5. European Enlargement: Impact on Health care & Pharmaceuticals
Challenges of Enlargement
Economic Disparities
Health care System Reform
Reform of Pharmaceutical Regulation in CEE: Progress to Date
Controlling the Costs: Pharmaceutical Pricing & Reimbursement in CEE
Countering the Negative Effects of National Drug Policies in an Enlarged Europe
Transparency of Pricing and Reimbursement Policies
Intellectual Property Protection
Parallel Trade
CEE Enlargement: Opportunities for the Global Pharmaceutical Industry
Conclusion
Figure 1 Pharmaceutical R&D Expenditure in Europe
Figure 3 Approximate number of EMEA centralised marketing authorisations
List of Tables
Table 1 Global Pharmaceutical Sales by Region, 2002
Table 2 Comparative Pharmaceutical Industry Data
Table 4.1 Differiential Pricing
Table 5.1 GDP of CEECs (in € PPP), 1999
Table 5.2 Total Health care Expenditure as % of GDP
Table 5.3 Total health expenditure, PPP$ per capita
Table 5.4 Average Incomes and Drug Expenditure Levels in CEE (1999)
Table 5.5 Pricing and Reimbursement Regulation in CEE
TABLE OF CONTENTS
